The Federal Reserve Board released the hypothetical scenarios that will be used for its annual bank stress test.
The stress test is designed to ensure that large banks can lend to households and businesses even in a severe recession. Specifically, the annual stress test evaluates the resilience of large banks by estimating losses, net revenue, and capital levels—which provide a cushion against losses—under hypothetical recession scenarios that extend two years into the future.
This year, the 22 largest U.S. banks will be tested against a severe global recession with heightened stress in both commercial and residential real estate markets, as well as in corporate debt markets.
In the 2025 stress test scenario, the U.S. unemployment rate rises nearly 5.9 percentage points, to a peak of 10 percent. The unemployment rate increase is accompanied by severe market volatility, a widening of corporate bond spreads, and a collapse in asset prices, including about a 33 percent decline in house prices and a 30 percent decline in commercial real estate prices.
Further, large banks with substantial trading or custodial operations are required to incorporate a counterparty default scenario component to estimate potential losses from the unexpected default of the firm’s largest counterparty amid an acute market shock. In addition, banks with large trading operations will be tested against a global market shock component that primarily stresses their trading and related positions.
In addition, this year’s exploratory analysis includes two separate hypothetical elements that will assess the resilience of the banking system to a wider range of risks. One of the hypothetical elements looks at how banks would react to credit and liquidity shocks in the non-bank financial institution sector during a severe global recession.
The second element of the exploratory analysis includes a market shock that will be applied only to the largest and most complex banks. This shock hypothesizes the failure of five large hedge funds with reduced global economic activity and higher inflation.
The exploratory analysis is distinct is designed to explore additional hypothetical risks to the broader banking system, rather than focusing on firm-specific results.
The Fed notes that the scenarios are not forecasts and should not be interpreted as predictions of future economic conditions.
The Fed Board will publish aggregate results for the exploratory analysis alongside the annual stress test results in June 2025.